Thursday, April 16, 2015

Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamon, Dalchini

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl
Family: Lauraceae
Synonyms: Persea cinnamomum Spreng., Laurus rigida Wall., Laurus montana Link ex Meisn., Laurus culitlaban Buch.-Ham. ex Nees, Laurus cinnamomum L., Laurus cinnamomea Salisb., Laurus cinnamifera Stokes, Cinnamomum zollingeri Lukman., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. microphyllum Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. inodorum Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. foeniculaceum Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. cordifolium Hayne, Cinnamomum zeylanicum var. cassia Meisn., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Cinnamomum wolkensteinii Lukman., Cinnamomum variabile Lukman., Cinnamomum vaillantii Lukman., Cinnamomum sonneratii Lukman., Cinnamomum sieberi Lukman., Cinnamomum roxburghii Lukman., Cinnamomum regelii Lukman., Cinnamomum pourretii Lukman., Cinnamomum pleei Lukman., Cinnamomum pallasii Lukman., Cinnamomum ovatum Lukman., Cinnamomum meissneri Lukman., Cinnamomum mauritianum Lukman., Cinnamomum maheanum var. karrouwa Lukman., Cinnamomum maheanum Lukman., Cinnamomum madrassicum Lukman., Cinnamomum leschenaultii Lukman., Cinnamomum leptopus A.C.Sm., Cinnamomum karrouwa Lukman., Cinnamomum iners Wight [Illegitimate], Cinnamomum humboldtii Lukman., Cinnamomum erectum Lukman., Cinnamomum ellipticum Lukman., Cinnamomum delessertii Lukman., Cinnamomum decandollei Lukman., Cinnamomum cordifolium Lukman., Cinnamomum commersonii Lukman., Cinnamomum cinnamomum (L.) H.Karst., Cinnamomum cayennense Lukman., Cinnamomum carolinense var. oblongum Kaneh., Cinnamomum capense Lukman., Cinnamomum boutonii Lukman., Cinnamomum bonplandii Lukman., Cinnamomum biafranum Lukman., Cinnamomum bengalense Lukman., Cinnamomum barthii Lukman., Cinnamomum aromaticum J.Graham, Cinnamomum alexei Kosterm., Camphorina cinnamomum (L.) Farw.

Common name: Cinnamon
Albanian: Kanella, Kanellë
Amharic: Kerefa, qa-ra-faa, ቀረፋ
Arabic: قِرْفَة, dâr sînî, قرفة
Armenian: Կինամոն
Azerbaijani: Darçın, Дарчын
Basque: Kanela, Kanelondo
Burmese: Thit-ja-bo-gauk
Catalan: Canyella
Croatian: Ceylonski cimet, Cimet
Czech: Skorice, Skorice cejlonska
Esperanto: Cinamo
Estonian: Kaneel, Tseiloni kaneelipuu
Finnish: aitokaneli, Ceyloninkaneli Kaneli
French: Cannelier de Ceylan, Cannelle, Cannelle type Ceylan, Cannellier
Galician: canela
Georgian: Darichini, daricini, დარიჩინი
German: Ceylon-Zimt Echter Zimt, Zimtblute
Hebrew: קינמון
Hindi: दालचीनी Dalchini
Hungarian: Ceyloni fahéj,
Indonesian: Kayu manis
Italian: cannella del Ceylano
Japanese: にっけい, セイロンニッケイ,  肉桂
Kannada: ದಾಲಚೀನೀ Dalchini
Kazakh: Даршин
Khmer: Chek tum phka loeng
Korean: 계, 육계
Latin: Cortex Cinnamomi zeylanici
Malayalam: കറുവ
Polish: Cynamon cejloński
Portuguese: canelleira da India
Romanian: Scorţişoară
Russian: Цейлонская корица
Sanskrit: Darusita, tamalapatra, twak
Sinhalese: Kurundu
Tamil: சன்னலவங்கம் Channalavangam, Karuva
Telugu: Dalchini chekka దాల్చిన చెక్క
Thai: อบเชย,  อบเชยเทศ
Turkish: Tarcin, Tarçın ağacı
Ukrainian: Кориця
Vietnamese: Quế rành
Yiddish: Tsimring

Description: Trees, to 20 m high, bark 8-10 mm thick, brown, rough, cracks vertical; blaze creamy pink; bole buttressed; branchlets glabrous. Leaves simple, opposite or subopposite, estipulate; petiole 8-20 mm, stout, glabrous, slightly grooved above; lamina 9.5-14 x 3.5-5.5 cm, ovate, elliptic ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, base acute, apex acute to acuminate, margin entire, glabrous, coriaceous, 3-ribbed from base, prominent, glabrous; lateral nerves 3-6 pairs, obscure, pinnate; intercostae reticulate. Flowers bisexual, in terminal and axillary, pedicel 7 mm long, pale yellow, 5 mm long, 6 mm across; perianth 8 mm, silky, tube campanulate, lobes 6, 3 mm long, oblong-lanceolate; stamens 9 perfect, those of first and second rows opposite the perianth lobes, introrse and eglandular, those of third row opposite the first row, lateral, bearing 2 large glands at the base; staminodes 3, of the forth row opposite the second row, cordate and stipitate; ovary half inferior, sessile. Fruit a berry, 1-2 cm, ellipsoid to oblong-ovoid, dark purple, surrounded by the enlarged perianth.

Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge [ Medicinal Plants Kerala Ag. Univ]

Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Root bark and stem bark aromatic. Dried bark aromatic, carminative, astringent, stimulant,  stomachic,  analgesic,  antiseptic,  antispasmodic, germicide,  hemostatic,  used  for  stomachache,  vomiting, nausea, flatulence, to treat headaches and intestinal troubles; stembark juice applied on teeth in tooth decay and toothache. Bark and leafy branches contain volatile oil useful in rheumatic pains and nervous breakdown. Aromatic root smelled to relieve headache. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Dominican Medicinal Uses : The inner bark is traditionally prepared as a decoction and taken orally for allergy, anxiety, arthritis, low blood pressure, kidney ailments, common cold, flu, sinusitis and women’s health conditions. Contraindications: Large quantities of cinnamon should not be during pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects. [Dominican Medicinal Plants]

Cinnamon tea might be useful for elderly bedridden patients with cold extremities, or in preparing such  a  patient  for  a  recuperative  walk,  or  cast  removal  from  a  fractured  extremity.  Regarded  as antipyretic, antiseptic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, diaphoretic, fungicide, stimulant, and stomachic, it is a fragrant cordial, useful for weakness of stomach and diarrhea, checking nausea and vomiting,  and  used  in  other  medicinal  mixtures.  Powdered  bark  in  water  (or  EO,  or  tiger  balm containing many of the same chemicals) is applied to the temple in headaches and neuralgia. Cinnamon bark  prevents  platelet  agglutination  and  shows  antithrombic  and  antitumor  activity.  Lebanese  use cinnamon  as  a  stimulant,  for  colds,  rheumatism,  halitosis,  and  to  check  slobbering  in  young  and elderly people. It is also used to loosen coughs. Ayurvedics consider the bark aphrodisiac and tonic, using it for biliousness, bronchitis, diarrhea, itch, parched mouth, worms, and cardiac, rectal, and urinary diseases. They use the oil for “eructations,” gas, loss of appetite, nausea, and toothache. Unani consider  the  oil  carminative,  emmenagogue,  and  tonic  to  the  liver,  using  it  for  abdominal  pains, bronchitis, head colds, and inflammation. They consider the bark alexeteric, aphrodisiac, carminative expectorant, sialagogue, and tonic, using it for gas, headache, hiccup, hydrocele, liver ailments, piles, and scorpion stings. One of our Belizean ecotourists was complaining about a snoring roommate. Famed Belizean herbalist Rosita Aruigo suggests 1 cup of cinnamon tea with 2 tsp grated ginger, adding honey and milk to taste. Drink at bedtime each night until cured. Since I have mentioned one spicy Ayurvedic triad, trikatu (ginger, long pepper, and pepper), I may as well mention another spicy triad, trijataka [cardamom, cinnamon, and “tejapatra,” which I am told is cassia (unidentified in DEP and WOI)],  three  more  aromatics  often  used  together  for  lengual  paralysis,  stomach  cramps,  and toothache. [CRC Handbook of medicinal spices]

Cinnamon are mainly used for digestive disorders such as diarrhoea, and flatulent colic or dyspepsia. Cinnamon has also been used for the common cold, and the oil may have antiseptic activity. It has been used in Chinese medicine for circulatory disorders. [Herbal Medicines Interactions]

Cinnamon used in Asian traditional medicine for colds, flu, and digestive problems, recent investigations indicate that it has a potent stabilizing effect on blood sugar levels, helping to slow or prevent the onset of diabetes. It is also active against Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium commonly linked with  stomach ulcers.  [Herbal Remedies] 

68 Published articles of Cinnamomum verum
1.    DNA Barcoding for Discriminating the Economically Important Cinnamomum verum from Its Adulterants Swetha, V.P., et al., Food Biotechnology, 2014. 28(3): p. 183-194.
2.    Influence of Allium sativum or Cinnamomum verum on physicochemical characteristics of yogurt Shori, A.B., et al., International Journal of Dairy Science, 2014. 9(2): p. 45-55.
3.    The influence of Allium sativum or Cinnamomum verum on cow- and camel- milk yogurts: proteolytic and angiotensin-I converting enzyme-inhibitory activities Shori, A.B. and A.S. Baba, in Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Nanoengineering, M.H. Mamat, et al., Editors. 2014. p. 639-643.
4.    Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins from the barks of Cinnamomum verum and their dentin enhancement properties Nam, J.W., et al., Planta Medica, 2014. 80(10): p. 779-779.
5.    Phyto constituents: an analysis of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) leaf extracts Dhanalaxmi, R.K. and J.V. Vastrad, Asian Journal of Home Science, 2014. 9(1): p. 319-321.
6.    The exhaustive study for the antioxidant & antibacterial potential of Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum) and Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) Deepshikha, G. and Girija, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014. 4(3): p. 201-201.
7.    In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, w.e.o.C.v.e.o.A., C. M. O., et al., BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14(309): p. (22 August 2014)-(22 August 2014).
8.    In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, w.e.o.C.v.e.o.A., Camila Maria O., et al., Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. 14.
9.    Quorum quenching ability of dietary spice Cinnamomum verum on pathogenic bacteria Aparna, Y., N. Lalitha, and J. Sarada, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2014. 5(12): p. 5216-5223.
10.    MAPLE Fabricated Fe3O4@Cinnamomum verum Antimicrobial Surfaces for Improved Gastrostomy Tubes Anghel, A.G., et al., Molecules, 2014. 19(7): p. 8981-8994.
11.    Effects of inclusion of Allium sativum and Cinnamomum verum in milk on the growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria during yogurt fermentation Shori, A.B. and A.S. Baba, American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 2013. 13(11): p. 1448-1457.
12.    Comparative analysis of cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of edible Cinnamomum verum (bark) and Cinnamomum tamala (Indian bay leaf) Rasleen, S., et al., Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 2013. 3(Suppl.): p. S70-S73.
13.    Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation and Adipogenesis by Supercritical Fluid Extracts and Marc from Cinnamomum verum Park, S.-J., Journal of Life Science, 2013. 24(4): p. 510-517.
14.    Effects of dietary synbiotic and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) supplementation on growth performance and meat quality in Japanese quail Mehdipour, Z., M. Afsharmanesh, and M. Sami, Livestock Science, 2013. 154(1-3): p. 152-157.
15.    Chemical characterisation and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl bark against Malassezia spp Mariappan, P.M., et al., Pharmacognosy Journal, 2013. 5(5): p. 197-204.
16.    Comparison of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Supercritical Fluid Extracts and Marc Extracts from Cinnamomum verum 박성진, et al., Journal of Life Science, 2012. 22(3): p. 373-379.
17.    Chemoprofile of tvakpatra; leaves of Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl Kumar, K.N.S., et al., Pharmacognosy Journal, 2012. 4(34): p. 26-31.
18.    Standardization of stem thickness and length for harvesting cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Pres.) bark Khandekar, R.G., et al., Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2012. 21(2): p. 164-168.
19.    Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Ceylon cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) in alloxan-diabetic rats El-Desoky, G.E., M.A.M. Aboul-Soud, and K.S. Al-Numair, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(9): p. 1685-1691.
20.    IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CINNAMOMUM VERUM (CINNAMON) AQUEOUS BARK EXTRACT IN REFERENCE TO ITS TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT AS NATURAL PRESERVATIVE TO FOOD Rakshit, M. and C. Ramalingam, International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 2011. 8(4): p. 529-537.
21.    Essential oil of Origanum majorana L., I.v.H.f.a.C.z.B.c.a.a.c.F., J. M., et al., Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 2011. 13(2): p. 209-214.
22.    Effect of Rooting Media and Type of Cutting on Rooting of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Thangaselvabai, T., et al., Advances in Plant Sciences, 2010. 23(1): p. 95-96.
23.    Potential of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oil to control Streptococcus iniae infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Rattanachaikunsopon, P. and P. Phumkhachorn, Fisheries Science, 2010. 76(2): p. 287-293.
24.    In vitro fibrinolytic activity by polyphenolic extract of Zataria moltiflora Boiss., C.d.V., Heracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer and Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Naderi, G., et al., Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2010. 25(4): p. 572-580.
25.    Effect of time of pruning and peeling on the bark yield of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Pres.) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands Jaisankar, I., et al., Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2010. 19(1/2): p. 50-52.
26.    Functional and ultrastructural changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cells induced by Cinnamomum verum essential oil Bouhdid, S., et al., Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010. 109(4): p. 1139-1149.
27.    Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Presl) - the sweet bark spice for flavour and fragrance - a review Thangaselvabai, T., J.P. Joshua, and M. Jayasekar, Agricultural Reviews, 2009. 30(3): p. 167-175.
28.    Antimicrobial properties of Cinnamomum verum aqueous extract Puangpronpitag, D. and C. Sittiwet, Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2009. 2(2): p. 49-53.
29.    Molecular characterization of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Presl) accessions and evaluation of genetic relatedness of cinnamon species in Sri Lanka based on TrnL intron region, i.s.b.t.-t., et al., Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2009. 5(6): p. 1079-1088.
30.    In vitro anticandidal activity of Cinnamomum verum Vinitha, M. and M. Ballal, Journal of Medical Sciences (Pakistan), 2008. 8(4): p. 425-428.
31.    Tissue culture and RAPD analysis of Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum verum Soulange, J.G., V.M. Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya, and S.D. Seeburrun, Biotechnology, 2007. 6(2): p. 239-244.
32.    Essential oil composition of petiole of Cinnamomum verum Bercht. & Presl Rao, B.R.R., D.K. Rajput, and A.K. Bhattacharya, Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2007. 16(1): p. 38-41.
33.    Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) intercropped under different inter row spacings of rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.): performance after rubber reached maturity Pathiratna, L.S., M.K.P. Perera, and C.K. Balasooriya, Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, 2007. 88: p. 30-46.
34.    Composition of the leaf essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (Lauraceae) from Fiji Islands Patel, K., et al., Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2007. 10(5): p. 374-377.
35.    Strong below-ground competition shapes tree regeneration in invasive Cinnamomum verum forests Kueffer, C., et al., Journal of Ecology, 2007. 95(2): p. 273-282.
36.    Effect of short and long-term storage on essential oil content and composition of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Bercht. and Presl.) leaves Rao, B.R.R., et al., Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2006. 15(1): p. 19-24.
37.    In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies Mathew, S. and T.E. Abraham, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2006. 44(2): p. 198-206.
38.    Studies on the antioxidant activities of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark extracts, t.v.i.v.m.M., S. and T.E. Abraham, Food Chemistry, 2006. 94(4): p. 520-528.
39.    Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, C.c.B., L., Journal of Complementary Medicine, 2006. 5(5): p. 67-69.
40.    The introduction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) to America Zumbroich, T.J., Acta Botanica Venezuelica, 2005. 28(1): p. 155-160.
41.    Rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis) cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) intercropping system: performance under standard inter row spacings of rubber Pathiratna, L.S.S. and M.K.P. Perera, Natural Rubber Research, 2005. 18(2): p. 105-112.
42.    Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum intercropping system: Performance under standard inter row spacings of rubber Pathiratna, L.S.S. and M.K.P. Pereira, Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 2005. 18(2): p. 105-112.
43.    Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) Park, I.K., et al., Nematology, 2005. 7: p. 767-774.
44.    Seed storage methods of star anise ( Illicium verum), c.C.c.a.m.M.m.L.D., Kha, et al. Comparative storage biology of tropical tree seeds, ed. M. Sacande, et al. 2005. 238-248.
45.    Performance of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres.) intercropped at different spacings of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Meull. Arg.) Pathiratna, L.S.S., M.K.P. Perera, and B.W. Wijesuriya, Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 2004. 17(2): p. 150-158.
46.    Agronomic and economic viability of rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)/cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J Pres.) intercropping systems involving wider inter-row spacing in rubber plantations Pathiratna, L. and J.C. Edirisinghe, Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, 2003. 86: p. 46-57.
47.    Quality attributes of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) accessions grown at Shevroys (Tamil Nadu, I.K., R. R., K. Nageswari, and G. Balakrishnamoorthy, Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 2000. 9(2): p. 177-177.
48.    Methods of sustainable harvesting and value addition for economic uplift and biodiversity conservation. Series No. 7. Harvesting of spice tree and shrub species viz. Syzygium aromaticum, M.f., Cinnamomum verum, Pimenta dioica, Tamarindus indica, Murraya koenigii, Garcinia cambogia and Laurus nobilis Alka, Shiva, MFP News, 2000. 10(2): p. 12-14.
49.    Relations between the invasive Cinnamomum verum and the endemic Phoenicophorium borsigianum on Mane island, S.F., Karl, Applied Vegetation Science, 1999. 2(1): p. 37-46.
50.    Anti-oxidant effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark and greater cardamom (Amomum subulatum) seeds in rats fed high fat diet Dhuley, J.N., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1999. 37(3): p. 238-242.
51.    The effect of shade on the bark yield components of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) intercropped with rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Pathiratna, L.S.S. and M.K.P. Perera, Journal of Plantation Crops, 1998. 26(1): p. 70-74.
52.    Shade effects on photosynthesis of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) Pathiratna, L.S.S., A. Nugawela, and R.K. Samarasekera, Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, 1998. 81: p. 29-37.
53.    Growth, l.o.y.a.q.i.i.c.C.v.J., P. P., et al., Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 1998. 20(2): p. 401-406.
54.    Comparative morphology and essential oil characters of two variants of Cinnamomum verum Pres. from northeastern India Nath, S.C., et al., Journal of Plant Anatomy and Morphology (Jodhpur), 1997. 7(2): p. 173-180.
55.    Micropropagation of Cinnamomum verum (Bercht & Presl.) Mathai, M.P., et al., Biotechnology of spices, medicinal & aromatic plants. Proceedings of the national seminar on biotechnology of spices and aromatic plants, Calicut, India, 24-25 April, 1996., 1997: p. 35-38.
56.    Bark and leaf essential oils of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Presl) grown in Parana, B.K., M., et al., Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 1997. 17(3): p. 281-285.
57.    Insect pests of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Veerakumari, K. and P. Mohanraj, Journal of Plantation Crops, 1993. 21(1): p. 67-69.
58.    Rooting response of elite cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) lines Rema, J. and B. Krishnamoorthy, Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1993. 2(1/2): p. 21-25.
59.    Grey blight disease of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Bercht & Presl.) leaves Karunakaran, P., M.C. Nair, and D. Lulu, Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1993. 2(1-2): p. 66-67.
60.    Variability and association studies in cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) Krishnamoorthy, B., et al., Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1992. 1(2): p. 148-150.
61.    Effect of growth regulator and pre-girdling treatments on rooting of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum Presl.) airlayers Hegde, K.R., G.S. Sulikeri, and N.C. Hulamani, South Indian Horticulture, 1989. 37(6): p. 329-332.
62.    EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS BY REFINING OF PLANT MATERIALS II. PROCESSING OF PRODUCTS IN THE DRY STATE ILLICIUM-VERUM HOOKER FRUIT AND CINNAMOMUM-ZEYLANICUM NEES BARK Bernard, T., et al., Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 1989. 4(2): p. 85-90.
63.    Quality parameters of cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) in relation to flush colour Krishnamoorthy, B., A. Gopalam, and J. Abraham, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices Journal, 1988. 12(2): p. 38-38.
64.    Extract used in pharmaceutical composition for lowering low density lipoprotein, t.c.a.t.l., and treating associated condition e.g. atheroma, obtained by hot water extraction of Cinnamomum verum leaves Wang, S. Y. Taiwan Leader Biotech Corp.
65.    Powder cosmetics useful for preventing growth of microorganisms, c.m.e.g.C.v.b.o., clove leaves oil, lemon-grass leaves oil, and Garcinia cambogia fruit extract, and powder containing sodium chloride Toyoda, N., et al. Nippon Menard Keshohin Kk.
66.    Organic deodorant comprises cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), f.a., and ozonated water Edgar, D. Edgar D.
67.    Bio-pesticide composition used in organic gardens and on fruits and vegetables e.g. apple, c.c.o.e.g.P.n., Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum verum, Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare, Syzygium aromaticum Doty, S. A. Doty S A.
68.    Herbal synergistic hypocholesterolemic composition with for lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides, c.e.o.f.o.A.b., and Elettaria cardamomum and bark of Cinnamomum verum in a fermented medium Dhan, P., et al. Univ Amity.

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Abelmoschus esculentus Abelmoschus ficulneus Abies pindrow Abies spectabilis Abies webbiana Abroma augusta Abrus precatorius Abutilon hirtum Abutilon indicum Acacia catechu Acacia farnesiana Acacia horrida Acacia nilotica Acalypha wilkesiana Acer acuminatum Acer cappadocicum Achillea millefolium Achyranthes aspera Acmella oleracea Aconitum heterophyllum Adhatoda vasica Aegle marmelos Aerva javanica Aeschynomene americana Aesculus indica Ageratum conyzoides Alangium salviifolium Albizia saman Alcea rosea Aleurites moluccana Aleurites triloba Allium cepa Alocasia fornicata Alocasia indica Alocasia macrorrhizos Aloe vera Alpinia calcarata Alpinia galanga Alpinia officinarum Alstonia scholaris Alternative and Complementary Medicine Journals Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus graecizans Amaranthus viridis Ammannia baccifera Ammi majus Amomum subulatum Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Anacyclus pyrethrum Anagallis arvensis Andrographis echioides Andrographis ovata Andrographis paniculata Anemone coronaria Anemone rivularis Anemone tetrasepala Annona muricata Anthocephalus cadamba Anthurium andraeanum Apium leptophyllum Apluda mutica Arabidopsis thaliana Arachis hypogaea Argemone mexicana Arisaema tortuosum Aristolochia littoralis Artabotrys hexapetalus Artemisia japonica Artemisia nilagirica Artocarpus heterophyllus Arundinella setosa Arundo donax Aspidopterys wallichii Aster albescens Astragalus leucocephalus Asystasia gangetica Avena sativa Averrhoa carambola Azadirachta indica Bacopa monnieri Bambusa Bambos Bambusa multiplex Bambusa vulgaris Barleria cristata Barleria prionitis Basilicum polystachyon Bauhinia purpurea Bauhinia racemosa Bauhinia scandens Bauhinia vahlii Bauhinia variegata Benincasa hispida Bidens pilosa Biophytum sensitivum Bixa orellana Blepharis integrifolia Blepharis maderaspatensis Blumea lacera Boerhavia diffusa Bombax ceiba Borassus flabellifer Boswellia ovalifoliolata Boswellia serrata Brassica rapa Buchnera hispida Butea monosperma Caesalpinia bonduc Caesalpinia pulcherrima Cajanus cajan Cajanus scarabaeoides Caladium bicolor Caleana major Calendula officinalis Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum inophyllum Calotropis gigantea Calotropis procera Camellia sinensis Campanula latifolia Cananga odorata Canscora diffusa Capparis sepiaria Capparis zeylanica Capsella bursa-pastoris Cardamine hirsuta Cardiocrinum giganteum Cardiospermum halicacabum Carduus edelbergii Carrichtera annua Carthamus oxyacantha Carthamus tinctorius Carum carvi Cassia angustifolia Cassia auriculata Cassia fistula Cassia occidentalis Catesbaea spinosa Catharanthus roseus Cayratia trifolia Cedrela toona Ceiba insignis Ceiba pentandra Celastrus paniculatus Celosia argentea Centaurium erythraea Centella asiatica Cestrum diurnum Chaerophyllum reflexum Chamaesyce hypericifolia Chenopodium album Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium murale Chrozophora rottleri Cicer arietinum Cichorium glandulosum Cichorium pumilum Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomum tamala Cinnamomum verum Circaea alpina Cissampelos pareira Cissus quadrangularis Citrullus lanatus Cleistanthus patulus Clematis gouriana Clematis montana Cleome gynandra Clerodendrum chinense Clerodendrum indicum Clerodendrum infortunatum Clerodendrum laevifolium Clerodendrum philippinum Clerodendrum phlomidis Clerodendrum serratum Clerodendrum splendens Clerodendrum wallichii Coccinia grandis Cocculus hirsutus Cocculus laurifolius Cochlospermum religiosum Coix lacryma-jobi Colebrookea oppositifolia Coleus aromaticus Colocasia esculenta Combretum indicum Commelina benghalensis Commelina maculata Commelina paludosa Commiphora caudata Commiphora mukul Commiphora wightii Conocarpus lancifolius Consolida ajacis Convolvulus pluricaulis Cordyline fruticosa Corydalis cornuta Cosmos sulphureus Costus speciosus Cotinus coggygria Couroupita guianensis Crinum asiaticum Crocus sativus Crossandra infundibuliformis Crotalaria alata Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria prostrata Croton klotzschianus Croton scabiosus Croton tiglium Cryptolepis buchananii Cryptolepis dubia Cryptostegia grandiflora Cucumis sativus Cuminum cyminum Cupressus torulosa Curculigo orchioides Curcuma amada Curcuma longa Cuscuta reflexa Cyananthus lobatus Cyanthillium cinereum Cycas revoluta Cyclanthera pedata Cymbopogon nardus Cynodon dactylon Cyperus laevigatus Cyperus malaccensis Cyperus rotundus Dactyloctenium aegyptium Dactylorhiza hatagirea Dalbergia latifolia Datisca cannabina Datura metel Datura stramonium Daucus carota Delphinium ajacis Delphinium denudatum Delphinium elatum Dendrobium densiflorum Dendrobium ovatum Derris scandens Derris trifoliata Desmodium concinnum Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium heterocarpon Desmodium multiflorum Desmodium triflorum Dichrocephala integrifolia Dicliptera paniculata Didymocarpus pedicellatus Dillenia indica Dimorphocalyx glabellus Dimorphoteca ecklonis Dioscorea alata Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscorea polygonoides Diospyros kaki Diospyros malabarica Dipteracanthus patulus Dipteracanthus prostratus Dolichandrone spathacea Dolichos biflorus Dregea volubilis Drimia indica Drosera peltata Duranta erecta Dysoxylum binectariferum Dysoxylum gotadhora Dysphania ambrosioides Echinocereus pentalophus Echinops niveus Echium plantagineum Edgeworthia gardneri Eichhornia crassipes Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeocarpus ganitrus Elephantopus scaber Eleutheranthera ruderalis Elsholtzia fruticosa Elytraria acaulis Embelia ribes Emblica officinalis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Ephedra foliata Ephedra gerardiana Epipactis helleborine Eranthemum pulchellum Eryngium foetidum Erysimum hieraciifolium Erythrina suberosa Erythrina variegata Euonymus echinatus Euonymus japonicus Eupatorium capillifolium Eupatorium perfoliatum Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia cornigera Euphorbia cotinifolia Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hypericifolia Euphorbia milii Euphorbia nivulia Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia tirucalli Fagonia cretica Fagopyrum acutatum Ferula foetida Ficus elastica Ficus religiosa Filicium decipiens Filipendula vestita Flacourtia indica Flemingia procumbens Flemingia semialata Foeniculum vulgare Free Access Journal Fumaria indica Fumaria parviflora Furcraea foetida Galega officinalis General Gentiana kurroo Geranium lucidum Geranium nepalense Geranium pratense Geranium wallichianum Ghee Globba schomburgkii Glochidion hohenackeri Gloriosa superba Glycyrrhiza glabra Gmelina arborea Gomphrena globosa Gomphrena serrata Goodyera repens Grewia asiatica Grewia optiva Grewia serrulata Grewia tenax Gymnema sylvestre Habenaria edgeworthii Habenaria plantaginea Handroanthus impetiginosus Hedychium spicatum Helianthus annuus Helicteres isora Helinus lanceolatus Heliotropium indicum Hemidesmus indicus Hemigraphis alternata Hemigraphis colorata Hemigraphis hirta Heracleum sphondylium Herpetospermum pedunculosum Hibiscus cannabinus Hibiscus esculentus Hibiscus hirtus Hibiscus lobatus Hibiscus radiatus Hibiscus vitifolius Hippophae rhamnoides Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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